國外(wai)劇院的建設,基本上是以政府投資為主,少數(shu)輔以民間資助。
歐洲的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)歌(ge)劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)院(yuan)大(da)多(duo)數是建(jian)(jian)于百年(nian)(nian)(nian)以(yi)前的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)老劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)場,當(dang)地(di)(di)(di)政(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)對老劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)場的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)改造都有(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)些(xie)具體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)定。如(ru)巴(ba)黎市政(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)規(gui)定,對巴(ba)黎歌(ge)劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)院(yuan)這樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)老劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)院(yuan)要定期進行維修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu),每隔30年(nian)(nian)(nian)作一(yi)(yi)次(ci)大(da)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)。因為歌(ge)劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)院(yuan)是公(gong)益性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)項目,所以(yi)全(quan)(quan)部投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)由(you)(you)(you)(you)政(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)承擔(dan)。巴(ba)黎歌(ge)劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)院(yuan)建(jian)(jian)于1865年(nian)(nian)(nian),經過幾(ji)次(ci)維修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)后,2000年(nian)(nian)(nian)政(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)又投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)幾(ji)千萬(wan)(wan)美(mei)金(jin)(jin)(jin)對劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)院(yuan)包(bao)括門(men)廳等在內進行大(da)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)。巴(ba)士底獄(yu)歌(ge)劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)院(yuan)是加(jia)拿大(da)設(she)(she)(she)(she)計師卡洛斯(si)·奧特先生設(she)(she)(she)(she)計、1989年(nian)(nian)(nian)新建(jian)(jian)成的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)歌(ge)劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)院(yuan),建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)面積(ji)(ji)10萬(wan)(wan)平(ping)(ping)(ping)方(fang)米,政(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)28億法郎,相當(dang)于4億美(mei)金(jin)(jin)(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)全(quan)(quan)部建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)資(zi)(zi)金(jin)(jin)(jin);洛杉機柯達劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)院(yuan)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)面積(ji)(ji)2萬(wan)(wan)平(ping)(ping)(ping)方(fang)米,劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)院(yuan)觀眾座位3500席(xi),由(you)(you)(you)(you)好萊(lai)塢市政(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)9400萬(wan)(wan)美(mei)金(jin)(jin)(jin),2001年(nian)(nian)(nian)建(jian)(jian)成投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)入使用;美(mei)國(guo)(guo)費城克莫(mo)爾(er)(er)藝(yi)(yi)術中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心(xin),建(jian)(jian)成于2001年(nian)(nian)(nian)12月,有(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)個2400座的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)音樂廳,一(yi)(yi)個600座的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)可變劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)場,建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)面積(ji)(ji)25400平(ping)(ping)(ping)方(fang)米,總(zong)投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)為2.7億元(yuan)(yuan)美(mei)金(jin)(jin)(jin),其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)政(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)2.4億元(yuan)(yuan)美(mei)金(jin)(jin)(jin),民(min)間克莫(mo)爾(er)(er)個人捐贈3000萬(wan)(wan)美(mei)金(jin)(jin)(jin),所以(yi)政(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)用克莫(mo)爾(er)(er)名(ming)(ming)字命名(ming)(ming)為克莫(mo)爾(er)(er)藝(yi)(yi)術中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心(xin);加(jia)拿大(da)蒙特利爾(er)(er)市圣地(di)(di)(di)藝(yi)(yi)術中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心(xin),建(jian)(jian)于1982年(nian)(nian)(nian),藝(yi)(yi)術中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)共有(you)(you)大(da)小5個劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)場,總(zong)投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)10億加(jia)元(yuan)(yuan),由(you)(you)(you)(you)政(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)全(quan)(quan)額投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she);日本(ben)滋賀縣立藝(yi)(yi)術劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)場,有(you)(you)大(da)小3個劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)場,占(zhan)地(di)(di)(di)2萬(wan)(wan)平(ping)(ping)(ping)方(fang)米,建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)面積(ji)(ji)2.9萬(wan)(wan)平(ping)(ping)(ping)方(fang)米,總(zong)投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)(不包(bao)括土地(di)(di)(di))250億日元(yuan)(yuan),由(you)(you)(you)(you)政(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)全(quan)(quan)額投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi);韓(han)國(guo)(guo)全(quan)(quan)州韓(han)國(guo)(guo)之聲大(da)劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)院(yuan),建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)面積(ji)(ji)10萬(wan)(wan)平(ping)(ping)(ping)方(fang)米,2001年(nian)(nian)(nian)建(jian)(jian)成投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)入使用,總(zong)投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)2138億韓(han)元(yuan)(yuan),其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)舞臺(tai)設(she)(she)(she)(she)備250億韓(han)元(yuan)(yuan),全(quan)(quan)部建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)經費由(you)(you)(you)(you)政(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)。這是一(yi)(yi)類由(you)(you)(you)(you)政(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)全(quan)(quan)額投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。第二類是由(you)(you)(you)(you)財團或(huo)民(min)間投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。如(ru)拉(la)斯(si)維加(jia)斯(si)凱(kai)撒宮(gong)朱白莉劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)場,是由(you)(you)(you)(you)凱(kai)撒宮(gong)朱白莉酒店為席(xi)琳(lin)·迪翁簽約演出(chu)投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)建(jian)(jian)造的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)專用劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)場;美(mei)國(guo)(guo)鹽湖城會(hui)議(yi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心(xin),有(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)個2.1萬(wan)(wan)個觀眾席(xi)位的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)會(hui)議(yi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)兼超大(da)型音樂廳和一(yi)(yi)個900席(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)演出(chu)劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)場,是由(you)(you)(you)(you)摩門(men)教教會(hui)出(chu)資(zi)(zi)建(jian)(jian)造的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),1997年(nian)(nian)(nian)開始(shi)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she),2000年(nian)(nian)(nian)完工。這些(xie)個人和團體(ti)投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)場并不是太多(duo),大(da)部分劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)場仍是由(you)(you)(you)(you)政(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)興建(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。
國外(wai)劇院的經營管(guan)理(li)(li)模式(shi)是與建設(she)投(tou)資主體聯系在(zai)一起的,基本上采取誰(shui)(shui)投(tou)資、誰(shui)(shui)經營、誰(shui)(shui)管(guan)理(li)(li)的原則(ze)。根據投(tou)資形(xing)式(shi),大體上可分成(cheng)政府管(guan)理(li)(li)制(zhi)、財團管(guan)理(li)(li)制(zhi)和股份制(zhi)幾種形(xing)式(shi),其中以政府管(guan)理(li)(li)制(zhi)為最多。
1、政(zheng)府管理制。所謂政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)制就是(shi)指由(you)(you)(you)(you)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)直接(jie)組建(jian)國有(you)(you)獨(du)資(zi)(zi)形(xing)式的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)公(gong)司,實施對劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)。德(de)(de)國美因茲(zi)大劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)建(jian)于(yu)100年(nian)(nian)前(qian),1999年(nian)(nian)在(zai)(zai)保留外殼不(bu)動(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)前(qian)提下,對劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)進(jin)行全面改(gai)造(zao)(zao)。僅舞臺設備(bei)和(he)(he)燈光、音響(xiang)設備(bei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)改(gai)造(zao)(zao)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)費(fei)(fei)(fei)就用(yong)(yong)(yong)了3100萬(wan)(wan)(wan)馬(ma)克(ke)(ke),所有(you)(you)改(gai)造(zao)(zao)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)費(fei)(fei)(fei)全部由(you)(you)(you)(you)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)承(cheng)擔(dan),其中(zhong)(zhong)州政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)和(he)(he)市政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)各(ge)承(cheng)擔(dan)50%,劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)包括3個(ge)劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)團,共有(you)(you)演職(zhi)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)和(he)(he)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)500人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)將劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)組成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)國有(you)(you)獨(du)資(zi)(zi)公(gong)司,公(gong)司建(jian)立董(dong)事(shi)會,董(dong)事(shi)及高層(ceng)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)均(jun)由(you)(you)(you)(you)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)部門派(pai)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)。在(zai)(zai)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)班子中(zhong)(zhong)設有(you)(you)一(yi)名總裁(cai)(cai),負(fu)責劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)全面工作,另外設有(you)(you)一(yi)名技(ji)術(shu)(shu)副(fu)總裁(cai)(cai)和(he)(he)一(yi)名財(cai)務(wu)副(fu)總裁(cai)(cai)。德(de)(de)國政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)把(ba)劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)列為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)公(gong)益性(xing)文化設施,不(bu)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)以盈利為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),并認為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)做到收(shou)(shou)支(zhi)平衡或產(chan)生盈利是(shi)不(bu)可思議的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)必須(xu)(xu)多演出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu),而(er)不(bu)必去(qu)考(kao)慮經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)收(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)。因為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)投資(zi)(zi)劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)提供廣大市民以享受文化藝(yi)術(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)權利,因此在(zai)(zai)規定票(piao)價(jia)(jia)上(shang)要(yao)(yao)大眾(zhong)化,要(yao)(yao)使廣大市民都能買(mai)得起戲票(piao)。該(gai)劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)一(yi)年(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)費(fei)(fei)(fei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)支(zhi)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)4000萬(wan)(wan)(wan)馬(ma)克(ke)(ke),劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)場(chang)(chang)通過演出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)收(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)約(yue)(yue)占費(fei)(fei)(fei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)支(zhi)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)20%,80%的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)費(fei)(fei)(fei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)支(zhi)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)由(you)(you)(you)(you)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)補(bu)(bu)貼,州政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)與(yu)市政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)各(ge)補(bu)(bu)貼50%。德(de)(de)國德(de)(de)紹(shao)劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)建(jian)于(yu)1938年(nian)(nian),由(you)(you)(you)(you)當時的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)州政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)和(he)(he)市政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)共同(tong)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)資(zi)(zi)建(jian)設,2001年(nian)(nian)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)投資(zi)(zi)3000萬(wan)(wan)(wan)馬(ma)克(ke)(ke)進(jin)行改(gai)造(zao)(zao)。該(gai)劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)有(you)(you)觀眾(zhong)座(zuo)位1100席(xi),包括劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)團共390人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)由(you)(you)(you)(you)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)組建(jian)類(lei)似國有(you)(you)獨(du)資(zi)(zi)公(gong)司的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)財(cai)團法(fa)(fa)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)機(ji)(ji)構(gou)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li),政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)部門派(pai)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)財(cai)團法(fa)(fa)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)代表,劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)場(chang)(chang)設總監一(yi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),技(ji)術(shu)(shu)副(fu)總監和(he)(he)財(cai)務(wu)若(ruo)干人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),實施劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)場(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)日(ri)常(chang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)。該(gai)劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)場(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)演出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)票(piao)價(jia)(jia)一(yi)般(ban)在(zai)(zai)5—16歐元(yuan)一(yi)張左右。劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(nian)總支(zhi)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)約(yue)(yue)2800萬(wan)(wan)(wan)—3000萬(wan)(wan)(wan)馬(ma)克(ke)(ke),演出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)收(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)占總支(zhi)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)8—12%,政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)補(bu)(bu)貼約(yue)(yue)占90%,補(bu)(bu)貼經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)費(fei)(fei)(fei)由(you)(you)(you)(you)州政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)與(yu)市政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)各(ge)承(cheng)擔(dan)50%。德(de)(de)國萊比(bi)錫歌劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)設有(you)(you)觀眾(zhong)座(zuo)位1400席(xi),劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)由(you)(you)(you)(you)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)派(pai)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)成(cheng)(cheng)立董(dong)事(shi)會,設有(you)(you)劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)場(chang)(chang)總監,3個(ge)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)主(zhu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan),所有(you)(you)職(zhi)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)享受如(ru)公(gong)務(wu)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)待遇(yu),政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)不(bu)給劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)下達經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)指標(biao),但要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)必須(xu)(xu)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)常(chang)演出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu),日(ri)常(chang)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)費(fei)(fei)(fei)由(you)(you)(you)(you)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)撥(bo)款(kuan)。法(fa)(fa)國巴(ba)黎歌劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)和(he)(he)巴(ba)士底獄歌劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)兩個(ge)劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)作為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)一(yi)個(ge)統一(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)整(zheng)體進(jin)行管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li),由(you)(you)(you)(you)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)部門派(pai)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)總經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)和(he)(he)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)副(fu)總經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li),在(zai)(zai)日(ri)常(chang)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)運作中(zhong)(zhong),政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)給予一(yi)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)費(fei)(fei)(fei)保障。兩個(ge)劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)一(yi)年(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)費(fei)(fei)(fei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)開支(zhi)大約(yue)(yue)9000萬(wan)(wan)(wan)法(fa)(fa)郎(lang),政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)每年(nian)(nian)補(bu)(bu)貼65%,約(yue)(yue)6000萬(wan)(wan)(wan)法(fa)(fa)郎(lang),自營(ying)(ying)收(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)3000萬(wan)(wan)(wan)法(fa)(fa)郎(lang)。加拿大蒙(meng)特(te)利爾市圣地藝(yi)術(shu)(shu)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)(xin),建(jian)于(yu)1982年(nian)(nian),藝(yi)術(shu)(shu)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)(xin)設有(you)(you)大小5個(ge)劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)場(chang)(chang),共有(you)(you)觀眾(zhong)座(zuo)位總數(shu)6390席(xi)。藝(yi)術(shu)(shu)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)業(ye)主(zhu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)蒙(meng)特(te)利爾市政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)。中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)(xin)不(bu)設獨(du)立的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)法(fa)(fa)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)機(ji)(ji)構(gou),也沒有(you)(you)成(cheng)(cheng)立公(gong)司,而(er)是(shi)由(you)(you)(you)(you)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)招聘一(yi)些專業(ye)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)和(he)(he)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)組建(jian)成(cheng)(cheng)一(yi)個(ge)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)團體機(ji)(ji)構(gou)對藝(yi)術(shu)(shu)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)(xin)進(jin)行管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)。政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)每年(nian)(nian)撥(bo)款(kuan)1500萬(wan)(wan)(wan)加元(yuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)藝(yi)術(shu)(shu)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)、技(ji)術(shu)(shu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工資(zi)(zi)和(he)(he)日(ri)常(chang)費(fei)(fei)(fei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)開支(zhi)。圣地藝(yi)術(shu)(shu)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)票(piao)價(jia)(jia)在(zai)(zai)25—150加元(yuan)之間。在(zai)(zai)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)制中(zhong)(zhong),還有(you)(you)一(yi)種形(xing)式就是(shi)采取收(shou)(shou)支(zhi)兩條線的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)辦法(fa)(fa)。例(li)如(ru)維也納國家劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan),由(you)(you)(you)(you)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)派(pai)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)財(cai)務(wu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)在(zai)(zai)歌劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)建(jian)立獨(du)立的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)票(piao)務(wu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)機(ji)(ji)構(gou)。所有(you)(you)票(piao)款(kuan)收(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)扣(kou)除成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)費(fei)(fei)(fei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)外全部上(shang)交政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu),劇(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)所需費(fei)(fei)(fei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)支(zhi)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)由(you)(you)(you)(you)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)全額(e)撥(bo)款(kuan)。
2、財(cai)團管理制。財(cai)團管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)就是政府(fu)將劇院建(jian)(jian)成(cheng)(cheng)一(yi)個財(cai)團法人(ren)機(ji)構進(jin)行(xing)(xing)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)。如日本(ben)濱松(song)藝(yi)術(shu)(shu)(shu)城(cheng)設(she)(she)有演出(chu)、會(hui)議、展示等功(gong)能(neng),分(fen)(fen)別(bie)由政府(fu)和(he)民(min)間(jian)財(cai)團共(gong)同投資(zi)(zi)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)。藝(yi)術(shu)(shu)(shu)城(cheng)建(jian)(jian)成(cheng)(cheng)后(hou),由財(cai)團組建(jian)(jian)成(cheng)(cheng)有限公(gong)(gong)(gong)司進(jin)行(xing)(xing)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)。藝(yi)術(shu)(shu)(shu)城(cheng)年(nian)經(jing)營(ying)(ying)收(shou)入(ru)7億(yi)(yi)日元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan),運(yun)(yun)營(ying)(ying)費(fei)用19億(yi)(yi)日元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan),收(shou)支差(cha)額12億(yi)(yi)日元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan),差(cha)額部(bu)分(fen)(fen)分(fen)(fen)別(bie)由政府(fu)和(he)財(cai)團按比(bi)例撥款補貼。日本(ben)東京新國立(li)(li)劇場(chang)(chang),有大(da)小(xiao)三個演出(chu)劇場(chang)(chang),大(da)劇場(chang)(chang)1800座(zuo)(zuo),中(zhong)劇場(chang)(chang)1000座(zuo)(zuo),小(xiao)劇場(chang)(chang)440座(zuo)(zuo)。新國立(li)(li)劇場(chang)(chang)由政府(fu)投資(zi)(zi)建(jian)(jian)造,建(jian)(jian)成(cheng)(cheng)后(hou)成(cheng)(cheng)立(li)(li)了新國立(li)(li)劇場(chang)(chang)運(yun)(yun)營(ying)(ying)財(cai)團作為劇場(chang)(chang)的(de)財(cai)團法人(ren)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)運(yun)(yun)營(ying)(ying)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)。日本(ben)滋賀縣(xian)琵琶湖藝(yi)術(shu)(shu)(shu)中(zhong)心,建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)資(zi)(zi)金(jin)250億(yi)(yi)日元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan),由縣(xian)政府(fu)全額投資(zi)(zi),1994年(nian)成(cheng)(cheng)立(li)(li)籌建(jian)(jian)機(ji)構,1996年(nian)先于藝(yi)術(shu)(shu)(shu)中(zhong)心建(jian)(jian)成(cheng)(cheng)之前就正式組建(jian)(jian)了管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)機(ji)構——財(cai)團法人(ren),1998年(nian)9月藝(yi)術(shu)(shu)(shu)中(zhong)心建(jian)(jian)成(cheng)(cheng)對外開放。目前經(jing)營(ying)(ying)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)由管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)公(gong)(gong)(gong)司——財(cai)團法人(ren)負責。藝(yi)術(shu)(shu)(shu)中(zhong)心的(de)平均使用率(lv)在(zai)60%—70%之間(jian),每年(nian)經(jing)營(ying)(ying)收(shou)入(ru)2—3億(yi)(yi)日元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan),年(nian)費(fei)用開支約(yue)18億(yi)(yi)日元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan),差(cha)額部(bu)分(fen)(fen)由政府(fu)補貼給管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)公(gong)(gong)(gong)司。洛杉磯柯(ke)達(da)劇場(chang)(chang)的(de)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)資(zi)(zi)金(jin)由好(hao)萊(lai)塢市政府(fu)投資(zi)(zi),建(jian)(jian)成(cheng)(cheng)后(hou)交給柯(ke)達(da)公(gong)(gong)(gong)司進(jin)行(xing)(xing)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li),由柯(ke)達(da)公(gong)(gong)(gong)司每年(nian)資(zi)(zi)助(zhu)劇場(chang)(chang)一(yi)定的(de)日常運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)經(jing)費(fei)(資(zi)(zi)助(zhu)經(jing)費(fei)屬商業機(ji)密,不肯(ken)告知),柯(ke)達(da)劇場(chang)(chang)主要用于電視(shi)轉(zhuan)播用。據介(jie)紹門票(piao)比(bi)較好(hao)賣,上座(zuo)(zuo)率(lv)也(ye)比(bi)較高(gao),票(piao)價一(yi)般在(zai)200—300美金(jin)一(yi)張,一(yi)年(nian)演出(chu)約(yue)200場(chang)(chang)左右(you),加上柯(ke)達(da)公(gong)(gong)(gong)司資(zi)(zi)助(zhu),基(ji)本(ben)上能(neng)達(da)到收(shou)支平衡。
3、股份制。這種(zhong)管理(li)模式(shi)的劇場(chang)不是很(hen)多。其中意大利(li)米蘭斯卡拉大劇院,該劇院實行(xing)(xing)公司制形式(shi)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)經營管理(li),把劇場(chang)股(gu)份(fen)制分成國(guo)家股(gu)和私人股(gu),國(guo)家股(gu)占(zhan)50%,私人股(gu)占(zhan)50%。收支相抵后的差額部分,按比率分別(bie)由政府(fu)和私人予以補(bu)貼(tie)和資助。 |